ICAO-Aligned
Terms primarily defined at the ICAO level (Annexes, Doc series) and adopted similarly by national authorities worldwide.
Training(3)
KSA Grading (Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes)
KSA grading is the legacy training-assessment model that graded pilot performance against three taxonomic categories — Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes — and which Competency-Based Training and Assessment has progressively replaced with competency- and observable-behavior-based grading.
Observable Behaviours (OBs)
Observable behaviors (OBs) are the specific, third-party-visible actions that demonstrate a pilot competency in operation — the unit at which Competency-Based Training and Assessment is actually graded.
Threat and Error Management (TEM)
Threat and Error Management (TEM) is the safety-management framework — developed from Line Operations Safety Audit data at the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project — that describes how flight crews identify threats, prevent or trap errors, and manage undesired aircraft states in normal line operations.