ATPL Stage
Terms relevant to the airline-track career stage — frozen ATPL, integrated vs modular, MPL, line training, PICUS, ATP-CTP, and Part 121 / Part-CAT operations.
Operational(14)
EFB (Electronic Flight Bag)
An Electronic Flight Bag is a portable or installed electronic information system that provides pilots with flight planning data, aeronautical charts, performance calculations, aircraft manuals, and weather data in digital form, replacing or supplementing the traditional paper flight bag and enabling real-time information updates in the cockpit.
Engine Trend Monitoring and Reliability Program
Engine Trend Monitoring (ETM) is continuous analysis of recorded engine parameters to detect performance degradation before failure; a Reliability Program is the operator-level statistical surveillance system — required under 14 CFR §121.373 for Part 121 operators — that aggregates maintenance event data to detect adverse trends and adjust the Approved Maintenance Programme.
Flight Duty Time
Flight duty time is the maximum number of hours a pilot or instructor can remain on duty, including flight time and ground duties, before a mandatory rest period is required.
Medical Certificate
A medical certificate is an FAA-issued document certifying that a pilot meets the physical and mental health standards required to exercise the privileges of their pilot certificate.
METAR (Aviation Routine Weather Report)
A METAR is a standardized, coded surface aviation weather observation issued every hour — or more frequently as a SPECI when conditions change significantly — from certified reporting stations worldwide, governed by ICAO Annex 3 and WMO Technical Regulations 49.3, and required for operator preflight weather assessment under 14 CFR §121.97 and FAA Order 7900.5.
Night Flight Time
Night flight time is the flight time logged between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight — defined in 14 CFR §1.1 (FAA) and EASA Part-FCL FCL.010 by reference to the sun's position rather than a fixed clock time — and is required as a distinct logbook column because specific certificate, rating, and currency requirements use night time as a separate qualifying criterion.
Pilot Flying / Pilot Monitoring (PF/PM)
Pilot Flying (PF) and Pilot Monitoring (PM) are the two operational roles in a multi-crew cockpit — the PF physically flies the aircraft while the PM runs checklists, communicates with ATC, monitors aircraft state, and cross-checks the PF's actions.
PIREP (Pilot Report)
A PIREP is a voluntary or solicited real-time weather observation made by a pilot in flight, reporting actual conditions encountered — turbulence, icing, cloud bases and tops, visibility, and temperature — under ICAO Annex 3 §5.6 and FAA AC 00-45H, with Urgent PIREPs (UUA) providing immediate input to SIGMET amendment decisions.
Stabilized Approach Criteria
Stabilized approach criteria are the operator-defined performance gates an aircraft must satisfy by a specified altitude (typically 1,000 ft AAL in IMC, 500 ft AAL in VMC) — codified in ICAO Doc 9870 (Manual on the Prevention of Runway Excursions), FAA AC 120-71 / 91-79, and EASA AMC1 ORO.GEN.110 — below which the approach must be discontinued via a missed approach if any criterion is unmet.
TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)
A TAF is a concise statement of expected meteorological conditions at an aerodrome over a defined validity period — 24 hours for standard FAA TAFs, 30 hours for ICAO-standard TAFs — issued by qualified meteorological offices under ICAO Annex 3 and WMO Tech Reg 49.3, and relied upon by operators to meet IFR alternate requirements under 14 CFR §91.169, §121.625, and §135.221.
TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
TCAS is an airborne collision avoidance system that operates independently of ground-based ATC to detect nearby transponder-equipped aircraft and, in its most capable version (TCAS II), issue coordinated Resolution Advisories directing each pilot to climb or descend to maintain safe separation.
Total Flight Time (Total Time)
Total flight time — colloquially "total time" on a pilot CV — is the aggregate of all flight time across all aircraft categories, all roles (PIC, SIC, dual, solo), and the entire career, defined under 14 CFR §1.1 (FAA) as pilot time commencing when the aircraft first moves under its own power for flight and ending when it comes to rest after landing, and under EASA Part-FCL FCL.010 with substantially equivalent language.
V-Speeds (Aircraft Operating Speeds)
V-speeds are standardized aircraft operating speeds defined during certification under EASA CS-23 / CS-25 / CS-27 / CS-29 and 14 CFR Parts 23/25/27/29, used for takeoff, climb, cruise, approach, landing, and emergency procedures, and color-coded on every airspeed indicator.
VFR / IFR Weather Minimums
Weather minimums are the legally-mandated lowest ceiling and visibility values under which a pilot may operate VFR (governed by 14 CFR §91.155 for basic VFR and EASA SERA.5001/5005 for VMC) or file and fly IFR (with instrument approach minimums under §91.175 and alternate airport minimums under §91.169 and §121.625), varying by airspace class, altitude, time of day, and aircraft equipment.
Regulatory(41)
Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) Mechanic
An Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) Mechanic is an FAA-certificated aviation maintenance technician holding both the Airframe and Powerplant ratings under 14 CFR Part 65 Subpart D (§§65.71–65.95).
AOC (Air Operator Certificate)
An AOC is an Air Operator Certificate — an authorisation issued by a national aviation authority that permits an operator to conduct commercial air transport operations.
Approved Maintenance Programme (AMP)
An Approved Maintenance Programme (AMP) is the per-aircraft, regulator-approved document — required under EASA Part-M M.A.302 and FAA §121.367 / §135.411 — that defines all the scheduled and condition-monitored maintenance tasks the aircraft will undergo throughout its operational life.
Approved Training Organization (ATO)
An Approved Training Organization (ATO) is a flight training provider certified by a national aviation authority under EASA or ICAO standards to deliver approved pilot training courses.
ASAP and ASRS (Aviation Safety Action Program / Aviation Safety Reporting System)
ASAP is the FAA voluntary safety reporting program — codified in FAA AC 120-66B — operated by individual airlines under tripartite Memoranda of Understanding (operator + pilot/dispatcher/maintenance union + FAA).
Aviation Medical Examiner (AME)
An Aviation Medical Examiner (AME) is a physician designated by the FAA under 14 CFR Part 183 §183.21 to examine applicants for FAA medical certificates and to issue First, Second, and Third-Class medical certificates on behalf of the FAA.
Class 1 Medical Certificate
A Class 1 medical certificate is the highest medical standard in both the FAA (14 CFR Part 67 Subpart B) and EASA (Part-MED) systems, required to exercise the privileges of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence and a Commercial Pilot Licence in many jurisdictions.
Class 2 Medical Certificate
A Class 2 medical certificate is the standard required for private pilot privileges in the EASA system (Part-MED) and for commercial pilot privileges in the FAA system (14 CFR Part 67 Subpart C, Second-Class), with validity periods and examination requirements less stringent than Class 1.
Compliance Monitoring Manager (CMM)
The Compliance Monitoring Manager (CMM) is the EASA-nominated postholder responsible for operating the Compliance Monitoring Function (CMF) within an organization's Management System, as required by Part-ORO ORO.GEN.200(a)(6) for AOC holders, Part-ORA ORA.GEN.200 for ATOs, and Part-CAMO CAMO.A.200 for CAMOs.
Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (CAMP)
A Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Program (CAMP) is an FAA-approved scheduled maintenance framework required for Part 121 air carriers under 14 CFR §121.367 and for Part 135 operators of large or multiengine turbine-powered aircraft under §135.411(a)(2), replacing the standard annual/100-hour inspection cycle with a comprehensive, operator-specific program approved by the FAA.
Corrective Action Plan (CAP)
A Corrective Action Plan (CAP) is the structured written response an EASA-approved organization must submit to its Competent Authority — or to its own Compliance Monitoring Manager — when a finding is raised under AMC1 to ORO.GEN.150, ORA.GEN.150, or CAMO.A.150.
EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency)
EASA is the EU aviation safety agency established by Regulation (EC) 1592/2002 and now governed by Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, responsible for setting airworthiness, licensing, operations, and UAS standards across 31 European Member States.
EASA Flight Time Limitations (FTL)
EASA FTL is the European flight time, duty time, and rest requirement regime — codified in Subpart FTL of Annex III to Regulation (EU) 965/2012 (Part-ORO) and supported by AMC1 ORO.FTL.205-235 — applicable to commercial air transport operators within EASA member states, broadly equivalent in purpose to FAA Part 117 but structurally different.
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
The FAA is the U.S. federal agency responsible for regulating all civil aviation under 49 USC §§40101–44732, encompassing airman and aircraft certification, air traffic control, and safety rulemaking through 14 CFR Parts 1–199.
FAR Part 117 — Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements
FAR Part 117 is the FAA regulation — effective January 4, 2014 — defining flight time, duty time, and rest requirements for flight crew of US scheduled passenger airlines (Part 121 operators), introduced after the 2009 Colgan 3407 accident as part of P.L. 111-216 (the Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act).
FAR Part 119 — Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators
14 CFR Part 119 is the FAA's umbrella certification framework that determines who must hold an air carrier or commercial operator certificate, which operating rule set (Part 121, 125, or 135) applies to their specific operations, and the minimum management personnel structure required.
FAR Part 121 — Scheduled Airline Operations
14 CFR Part 121 is the FAA regulation governing U.S. scheduled passenger and all-cargo air carrier operations, including domestic, flag, and supplemental operators such as American, Delta, United, FedEx, and UPS. It prescribes operating certificates, crewmember training programs (§121.401), flight/duty time limits (§§121.470–121.471), and mandatory Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Programs (§121.367).
FAR Part 125 — Large Airplane Operations
14 CFR Part 125 governs U.S.-registered airplanes with 20 or more passenger seats or 6,000 lb or more maximum payload capacity when operated for compensation or hire outside of Part 121 scheduled air carrier service and Part 135 commuter or on-demand operations.
FAR Part 135 — Commuter and On-Demand Operations
14 CFR Part 135 is the FAA regulation governing U.S. commuter and on-demand air carrier operations — including air taxis, fractional ownership programs (NetJets, Wheels Up), helicopter EMS (HEMS), and regional commuters operating aircraft with 9 or fewer passenger seats.
FAR Part 137 — Agricultural Aircraft Operations
14 CFR Part 137 governs agricultural aircraft operations in the United States — aerial application of pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and seed dispersal — establishing certificate requirements, pilot qualifications, operating limitations, and recordkeeping for both private and commercial ag operators.
FAR Part 142 — Training Centers
14 CFR Part 142 is the FAA regulation governing certificated training centers — organizations such as FlightSafety International, CAE Simuflite, Boeing Training & Professional Services, and Airbus Training that deliver type rating, recurrent, and Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) training primarily in full-flight simulators (FFS) and flight training devices (FTDs).
FAR Part 65 — Certification: Airmen Other Than Flight Crewmembers
14 CFR Part 65 governs FAA certification of non-pilot aviation professionals, including aircraft mechanics (A&P), repairmen, aircraft dispatchers, air traffic control tower operators, and parachute riggers — each with distinct eligibility standards, testing requirements, and operating privileges.
FAR Part 67 — Medical Standards and Certification
14 CFR Part 67 establishes the FAA's medical standards for pilot certification, defining three classes of medical certificate — First, Second, and Third — with progressively less stringent standards, and the certification procedures governing issuance, denial, and Special Issuance.
FAR Part 91 — General Operating and Flight Rules
14 CFR Part 91 is the foundational FAA regulation governing all civil aircraft operations in U.S. airspace that are not otherwise regulated under Parts 121, 125, 129, or 135.
Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS)
A Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) is the data-driven, science-based, operator-specific alternative to prescriptive flight-time limits — codified in ICAO Annex 6 + Doc 9966 (Fatigue Management Guide), 14 CFR §117.7 (FAA), and Part-ORO ORO.FTL.110(c) (EASA) — allowing operators to demonstrate equivalent or superior fatigue management through systematic monitoring rather than rule-by-rule compliance.
FIR (Flight Information Region)
A Flight Information Region (FIR) is a defined volume of airspace, designated under ICAO Annex 11 §2.1 and ICAO Doc 4444, within which a single air traffic services authority provides Flight Information Service (FIS) and Alerting Service (ALRS) — the foundational unit of global airspace organization.
Flight Training Organisation (FTO)
A Flight Training Organization (FTO) is an ICAO and legacy EASA term for an approved organization that provides flight crew training under a structured and regulated curriculum.
FOQA and FDM (Flight Operational Quality Assurance / Flight Data Monitoring)
FOQA (Flight Operational Quality Assurance — FAA term) and FDM (Flight Data Monitoring — EASA / ICAO term) are the systematic programs — codified in FAA AC 120-82, EASA AMC1 ORO.AOC.130, and ICAO Annex 6 — for collecting, analyzing, and using digital flight data from line operations to identify safety hazards and improve operational performance.
Hazard Identification (HazID)
Hazard Identification (HazID) is the systematic process of finding conditions or events that could cause harm to people, aircraft, or operations.
IACRA (Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application)
IACRA is the FAA's web-based system for submitting, tracking, and processing airman certification and rating applications, replacing the traditional paper-based FAA Form 8710-1.
Internal Audit (Compliance Monitoring Audit)
An internal audit (or compliance monitoring audit) is an independent, systematic, documented process for obtaining evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which an EASA-approved organization continues to meet applicable requirements, its own approved procedures, and relevant AMC/GM.
Letter of Authorization (LOA)
A Letter of Authorization (LOA) is an FAA-issued document authorizing a specific Part 91 operator to conduct an operation otherwise restricted by regulation — the Part 91 equivalent of Operations Specifications, covering RVSM, RNP-AR, Cat II/III, polar routes, and other special authorizations.
LOSA (Line Operations Safety Audit)
LOSA is a structured, non-punitive cockpit-observation methodology — codified in ICAO Doc 9803 — in which trained observers ride as jumpsuit passengers on normal revenue flights to record threats, crew errors, and undesired aircraft states, producing de-identified fleet-level safety data.
NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board)
The NTSB is an independent U.S. federal agency established by the Independent Safety Board Act of 1974 (49 USC Chapter 11) that investigates civil aviation accidents and issues safety recommendations to reduce future risk, with no regulatory or enforcement authority of its own.
Operations Specifications (OpsSpecs)
Operations Specifications are FAA-issued documents that define the specific authorizations, limitations, and procedures under which a Part 119, Part 125, or Part 145 certificate holder may conduct operations — covering everything from authorized routes and aircraft types to maintenance program approvals and special area authorizations.
Part-FCL
Part-FCL (Flight Crew Licensing) is the EASA regulation that establishes the requirements for the issue, revalidation, and renewal of flight crew licenses and ratings in European aviation.
Progressive Inspection (FAA Alternative to Annual)
A Progressive Inspection is an FAA-authorized alternative to the standard annual inspection under 14 CFR §91.409(d), in which an aircraft's airworthiness is maintained through a continuous cycle of segmented inspections spread across the operating year rather than a single annual inspection event.
Safety Management Policy (SMS Pillar 1)
The Safety Management Policy is the foundational documented commitment of an aviation organization's Accountable Manager to managing safety — the first of the four SMS components defined in ICAO Annex 19 (Second Edition, Amendment 1, 2018) and ICAO Doc 9859 (Safety Management Manual, Fourth Edition, 2018).
Safety Performance Indicator (SPI)
A Safety Performance Indicator (SPI) is a measurable parameter — defined under ICAO Annex 19 and codified in EASA SMS rules and FAA SMS guidance — that an organization uses to monitor and assess its safety performance against agreed Safety Performance Targets (SPTs).
Safety Promotion (SMS Pillar 4)
Safety Promotion is the fourth SMS pillar under ICAO Annex 19 (Second Edition, Amendment 1, 2018) and ICAO Doc 9859 (Fourth Edition, 2018): the training, communication, and organizational culture activities that make the SMS operational throughout the workforce.
Service Difficulty Report (SDR)
A Service Difficulty Report (SDR) is the mandatory safety report required under 14 CFR §21.3 when type certificate holders, design approval holders, FAA Part 145 repair stations, and Part 121/135/125 air carriers discover certain failures, malfunctions, or defects in aviation products in service.
Training(31)
Ab Initio
Ab initio is a Latin term meaning 'from the beginning,' used in aviation to describe training programs that take students with no prior flight experience through to a professional pilot qualification.
Air Transport Pilot Certification Training Program (ATP-CTP)
The ATP-CTP is an FAA-mandated ground and simulator training course, required under 14 CFR §61.156 since August 2013, that every ATP-certificate applicant must complete before sitting the ATP Aeronautical Knowledge Test.
Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL)
The Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL), known in the United States as the Airline Transport Pilot Certificate, is the highest level of pilot certification, required to serve as pilot in command of scheduled airline operations.
Class Rating
A class rating is a regulatory authorization permitting a pilot to fly a specific class of aircraft, such as single-engine piston, multi-engine piston, or single-engine seaplane.
Competency-Based Training and Assessment (CBTA)
Competency-Based Training and Assessment (CBTA) is the ICAO-endorsed training methodology that defines pilot performance through observable competencies and behaviors rather than fixed hour minimums or task-by-task tick boxes — codified in ICAO Doc 9995 and adopted across IATA's training framework.
Core Competencies (ICAO / IATA / EASA)
Core competencies are the finite set of pilot performance domains — typically nine, defined by ICAO and adopted by IATA and EASA — that together describe what a competent flight crew member does, and against which Competency-Based Training and Assessment is graded.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Crew Resource Management (CRM) is the discipline — born from accident analysis in the late 1970s — of using all available resources (information, equipment, and people) to achieve safe and efficient flight, codified into mandatory training under EASA Part-ORO and FAA Advisory Circular 120-51E.
Cross-Country Time — FAA and EASA Variations
"Cross-country" flight time is not a single definition in aviation regulations — the FAA uses at least four distinct definitions under 14 CFR §61.1(b)(3) depending on the certificate sought, while EASA Part-FCL FCL.010 applies a single pre-planned-route standard; misapplying the wrong definition to logged hours causes certification failures.
Evidence-Based Training (EBT)
Evidence-Based Training (EBT) is the recurrent-training methodology defined in ICAO Doc 9995 and EASA AMC1 ORO.FC.231 that replaces fixed maneuver-based recurrent checking with training and assessment built from analysis of actual operational data.
Flight Examiner (FE / FIE / IRE / CRE / TRE)
Flight Examiners are a family of EASA examiner authorizations under Part-FCL FCL.1000–FCL.1025 — including the Flight Examiner (FE), Flight Instructor Examiner (FIE), Instrument Rating Examiner (IRE), Class Rating Examiner (CRE), and Type Rating Examiner (TRE) — each authorizing the conduct of specific skill tests, proficiency checks, and examiner assessments, with authority granted by and under oversight of the relevant national competent authority.
Frozen ATPL
"Frozen ATPL" is industry shorthand — not a regulatory term in EASA Part-FCL or FAA §61 — for the career stage of a pilot who has passed the full ATPL theoretical knowledge examinations and holds a CPL with Instrument Rating but has not yet accumulated the 1,500 hours of flight time required for ATPL issue under EASA FCL.510(a), with the theoretical knowledge credit remaining valid for 7 years from the last examination passed.
Integrated vs Modular ATPL Training
The two structurally distinct paths to a frozen ATPL under EASA Part-FCL: the Integrated ATPL(A) program under FCL.510.A and Appendix 3.A — a single ab-initio course from zero flight hours to frozen ATPL at one Approved Training Organization — versus the Modular path under FCL.310, FCL.605, FCL.720.A, and FCL.735.A, which builds the frozen ATPL through sequential standalone courses that may be completed at different ATOs over an extended period.
Knowledge Test (Written Exam)
A knowledge test is the written, multiple-choice examination that a pilot applicant must pass before taking the practical test for a certificate or rating.
KSA Grading (Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes)
KSA grading is the legacy training-assessment model that graded pilot performance against three taxonomic categories — Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes — and which Competency-Based Training and Assessment has progressively replaced with competency- and observable-behavior-based grading.
Light Aircraft Pilot Licence (LAPL)
The Light Aircraft Pilot Licence (LAPL) is an EASA pilot license designed for recreational flying in light aircraft, offering a lower-cost and less complex pathway to piloting than the traditional PPL.
Line Training and Initial Operating Experience (IOE)
Line training and Initial Operating Experience (IOE) — codified in 14 CFR §121.434 and §135.244 (FAA) and EASA Part-ORO.FC.220 — is the structured phase of supervised line operations a newly type-rated pilot completes after type rating issuance and before unrestricted line operations, with a Line Training Captain providing supervision and progressive sign-off.
LOFT (Line Oriented Flight Training)
LOFT is a simulator-based training methodology in which a crew flies an uninterrupted, operationally realistic scenario — gate to gate — designed to develop crew coordination, decision-making, and threat management rather than isolated maneuver proficiency.
Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC)
Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC) is the EASA-mandated course under Part-FCL FCL.735.A that prepares a single-pilot-trained CPL holder to operate as a flight crew member on a multi-pilot aircraft, focusing on the role split, communication, and CRM behaviors that single-pilot training cannot deliver.
Multi-Pilot Licence (MPL)
The Multi-Pilot Licence (MPL) is an ab-initio pilot license introduced by ICAO in 2006 (ICAO Doc 9868, PANS-TRG) and codified in EASA regulation under Part-FCL FCL.405.A and FCL.410.A, together with Appendix 5 to Part-FCL, creating a competency-based pathway directly from zero flight hours to type-rated airline first officer on a specific multi-pilot aircraft type.
Multi-Pilot Time
Multi-pilot time is flight time accrued as a required crew member on an aircraft type-certificated for multi-pilot operations. It is a distinct logbook category under EASA Part-FCL FCL.010 and a binding experience component for ATPL(A) issue under FCL.510(a), requiring a minimum 500 hours on multi-pilot aeroplanes.
Pilot in Command Under Supervision (PICUS)
Pilot in Command Under Supervision (PICUS) is the EASA logbook convention — defined in Part-FCL FCL.010 and applied under AMC1 FCL.010 — for flight time during which a fully licensed pilot acts as PIC on a multi-pilot aircraft while a supervising captain carries the formal command authority; up to 500 hours of PICUS time may be credited toward the 1,500-hour PIC requirement for ATPL issue under FCL.510(a)(2).
Private Pilot License (PPL)
A Private Pilot License (PPL), known in the United States as a Private Pilot Certificate, is the foundational pilot credential that allows an individual to act as pilot in command of an aircraft for personal, non-commercial purposes.
Proficiency Check (LPC / IPC)
A proficiency check is a recurring practical evaluation of a pilot's skills required to revalidate or renew specific ratings, such as the Instrument Rating, Type Rating, or Class Rating.
Restricted ATP Certificate (R-ATP)
The Restricted Airline Transport Pilot Certificate (R-ATP), established under 14 CFR §61.160, allows qualifying pilots to act as second-in-command on Part 121 air carrier operations at reduced total flight hour minimums — as low as 750 hours for military pilots and 1,000 hours for graduates of approved four-year aviation degree programs.
Skill Test
A skill test is the EASA practical examination conducted by an authorized examiner to assess a pilot candidate's competency for the initial issue of a license, rating, or certificate, serving as the European equivalent of the FAA checkride.
Stall Awareness, Recovery, and Spin Training
Stall and spin training is the structured curriculum element — required under 14 CFR §61.107(b) / §61.127(b) for PPL/CPL stall awareness and §61.183(i) for FAA flight instructor spin training, and under EASA Part-FCL FCL.135.A for ATPL/MPL basic UPRT — that develops a pilot's recognition, prevention, and recovery from aerodynamic stall and aggravated-stall spin departure.
Student Pilot in Command (SPIC)
Student Pilot in Command (SPIC) is the EASA logging convention — defined under Part-FCL FCL.010 and applied through Part-FCL Subpart B and Subpart C — for flight time during which a student pilot acts as Pilot in Command on a flight that includes an instructor on board, with the instructor exercising supervision but not exercising command authority.
Synthetic Flight Instructor (SFI)
A Synthetic Flight Instructor (SFI) holds the instructor authorization under EASA Part-FCL FCL.905.SFI permitting delivery of type rating training and instrument rating training exclusively in qualifying Flight Simulation Training Devices (FFS, FTD, FNPT II) — without being required to hold the corresponding aircraft type rating or class rating for actual flight instruction.
Threat and Error Management (TEM)
Threat and Error Management (TEM) is the safety-management framework — developed from Line Operations Safety Audit data at the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project — that describes how flight crews identify threats, prevent or trap errors, and manage undesired aircraft states in normal line operations.
Type Rating Examiner (TRE)
A Type Rating Examiner (TRE) holds the examiner authorization under EASA Part-FCL FCL.1005.TRE permitting conduct of type rating skill tests, Licence Proficiency Checks (LPCs), and Operator Proficiency Checks (OPCs) on specific multi-pilot or complex single-pilot aircraft types — the highest type-specific examining authority in the EASA system below the competent authority itself.
Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT)
Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) is the specialized flight training mandated under EASA Part-FCL FCL.745.A and codified in ICAO Doc 10011 that prepares pilots to recognize, prevent, and recover from aeroplane upsets — large deviations in pitch, bank, or speed that can lead to Loss of Control In-Flight (LOC-I), the leading cause of fatal accidents in commercial aviation.